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Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant (Icelandic ''Kárahnjúkavirkjun'') is a hydroelectric power plant in Fljótsdalshérað municipality in eastern Iceland designed to produce annually for Alcoa's Fjardaál aluminum smelter to the east in Reyðarfjörður. With the installed capacity of , the plant is the largest hydroelectric power plant in Iceland. The project, named after nearby Mount Kárahnjúkur, involves damming the Jökulsá á Dal river and the Jökulsá í Fljótsdal river with five dams, creating three reservoirs. Water from the reservoirs is then diverted through of underground water tunnels and down a vertical penstock towards a single underground power station. The smelter became fully operational in 2008 and the hydro-power project was completed in 2009.〔(Kárahnjúkar HEP - Landsvirkjun - September 2009 )〕 The Kárahnjúkastífla Dam is the centerpiece of the five dams and the largest of its type in Europe, standing tall with a length of and comprising of material. The project has been criticised for its environmental impact and its use of foreign workers. == Description == The hydroelectricity project harnesses the Jökulsá á Dal and Jökulsá í Fljótsdal Rivers by creating three reservoirs with five concrete-face rock-filled embankment dams; three on the Jökulsá á Dal River and two on the Jökulsá í Fljótsdal River. After being used in the Fljótsdalur Power Station, all water used in electricity production is discharged into the Jökulsá í Fljótsdal River. Three dams on the Jökulsá á Dal River; the Kárahnjúkastífla Dam, the Desjarárstífla Dam and the Sauðárdalsstífla Dam create the Hálslón Reservoir. At tall and long, the Kárahnjúkastífla Dam is the largest dam in the project and the largest of its type in Europe as well. The tall and long Desjarárstífla Dam and the tall and long Sauðárdalsstífla Dam are saddle or auxiliary dams that maintain the desired height of the Hálslón reservoir. Water from the long, capacity Hálslón Reservoir (about the size of Manhattan island in New York) is diverted down a long, diameter headrace tunnel towards the Fljótsdalur Power Station.〔(Key Figures of the Kárahnjúkar Hydroelectric Project )〕〔(The Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project Overview )〕 On the Jökulsá í Fljótsdal River, the tall and long Kelduárstífla dam forms the capacity Kelduárlón reservoir. Downstream from the Kelduárstífla dam is the tall, long Ufsarstífla dam which forms the Ufsarlón pond, a much smaller reservoir. Water from the Ufsarlón pond is diverted down a long, diameter headrace tunnel where it joins the Hálslón reservoir headrace tunnel.〔〔 Before each of the headrace tunnels from the Hálslón reservoir or Ufsarlón pond reach the underground power station, they both join to form a single combined headrace tunnel. The single headrace tunnel later splits into two long, diameter steel-lined penstocks (tunnels) and the water makes a rapid descent down a final vertical penstock into the power station. The underground Fljótsdalur Power Station contains six vertical-axis Francis turbine generators rated at 115 MW each. The power station has a combined capacity of 690 MW and discharge of (averages ) into the Jökulsá í Fljótsdal River via tailrace tunnels and canals. The power production corresponds to a capacity factor of 76%, which is relatively high for a hydroelectric facility. Power produced is then transmitted to Alcoa's Fjardaál aluminium smelter to the east in Reyðarfjörður.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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